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![]() As is evident, from the explanation in the preceding paragraph, it is not required that each individual frame be acknowledged. For example, station A sends frames 0,1, 2 and 3. Station B responds with ACK1 after frame 0, but then does not respond to frames 1 and 2. After frame 3 is received, station B issues ACK4, indicating that frame 3 and all previous frames have been accepted. ![]() ![]() However, in most practical situations, there is a need for transmitting data in both directions. An efficient implementation of duplex transmission makes use of the same circuit for data in both directions, instead of having two separate physical circuits and use each one for simplex data traffic (in different directions). Though interleaving data and control frames on the same circuit is an improvement over the above stated separate physical circuits, yet another improvement is possible. When a data frame arrives at the data link layer of a communicating machine, instead of immediately sending a separate control frame, the receiver waits till the network layer passes it the next packet to be transmitted. Go back N sliding window Protocol by Khurram Tanvir. JNTU B.tech Computer Networks Lab Manual All Programs (1). ONE BIT SLIDING WINDOW PROTOCOL b). Similar to JNTU B.tech Computer Networks Lab Manual All Programs (1). The acknowledgement is attached to the outgoing data frame (using the . Thus there is no need for transmitting a separate acknowledgement frame. This technique of temporarily delaying outgoing acknowledgements so that they can be attached onto the next outgoing data frame is known as piggybacking. In most of the sliding window protocols, the piggyback field rarely occupies more than a few bits. Sliding Window Protocol Frame Format. The maximum is usually 2n - 1, so the sequence number exactly occupies an n- bit field. The stop- and- wait sliding window protocol uses n = 1, but more sophisticated versions can use arbitrary n. sending window. Similarly, the receiver also maintains a receiving window corresponding to the set of frames it is permitted to accept. The sender’s window and the receiver’s window need not have the same lower and upper limits, or even have the same size. In some protocols they are of fixed size, but in others they can grow or shrink as frames are sent and received. It can be observed that the protocols give the data link layer more freedom about the order in which it may send and receive frames, and at the same time maintains the requirement that the protocol must deliver packets to the network layer of the destination machine in the same order that they were passed to the data link layer on the sending machine. Also, the requirement that all frames must be delivered in the order sent is not changed. So its sending window is empty. The receiver, on the other hand, is ready to receive the 1st frame. Since frames currently within the sender’s window may ultimately be lost or damaged in transit, the sender must keep all these frames in its memory for possible retransmission. Thus if the maximum window size is n, the sender needs n buffers to hold the acknowledgement frames. If the window ever grows to its maximum size, the sending data link layer must forcibly shut off the network layer until another buffer becomes free. However, the network layer is always fed data in the proper order, irrespective of the data link layer’s window size. A sliding window of size 1 and 3- bit sequence no. The various stages are. The two common types of errors are :
After a frame is transmitted, the source waits for an acknowledgement (ACK or NAK). If no recognizable acknowledgement is received during the timeout period, then the frame is retransmitted. Hence, as can be seen the source station should maintain a copy of the transmitted frame until an ACK is received for that frame. go- back- N ARQ. In this technique, the sender may send a series of frames determined by the window size, using the sliding window flow control technique. While the occurrence of errors is nil, the destination will acknowledge (ACK) incoming frames as usual. After each transmission, A sets an acknowledgement timer for the frame just transmitted. The go- back- N technique takes into account the following contingencies . Station B detects an error and has previously successfully received frame (i- 1). B sends a NAK i, indicating that frame i is rejected. When A receives this NAK, it must retransmit frame i and all subsequent frames that it has transmitted. Station B receives frame(i +1) out of order, and sends a NAK i.
Since ACK’s are cumulative (e. ACK 6 means that all frames through 5 are acknowledged), it may be that Station A will receive a subsequent ACK to a subsequent frame that will do the job of the lost ACK before the associated time expires.
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